The Post-Termination Exercise Window (PTEW) is the period after termination during which an employee can exercise vested stock options before they expire. It is set by the option plan and grant agreement, with 90 days as the standard default (driven by ISO tax law requiring exercise within 90 days of termination), with extended PTEWs of 5, 7, or 10 years increasingly offered as a recruiting differentiator. It is one of the most consequential terms in an option grant because it determines whether vested equity actually delivers economic value to the employee or evaporates into forfeiture.
The PTEW mechanic:
Sales cycle length is the average elapsed time from when a lead enters the sales pipeline to when the deal closes, measured in days. It's used to set realistic forecasting expectations, evaluate sales productivity, design pipeline coverage targets, and understand where deals are getting stuck. Cycle length scales with deal size: bigger ACV deals take longer because more stakeholders are involved, more diligence is required, and budget approval cycles are longer.
Typical 2025 SaaS cycle length by ACV:
| ACV range | Typical sales cycle length |
|---|---|
| Under $10K (SMB self-serve) | 1-14 days |
| $10K-$30K (SMB sales-assisted) | 30-60 days |
| $30K-$100K (mid-market) | 60-120 days |
| $100K-$500K (enterprise) | 6-9 months |
| $500K+ (strategic ent... |
A minimum viable product (MVP) is the smallest version of a product that lets a team collect maximum validated customer learning with the least effort. The term was coined by Frank Robinson in 2001 and popularized by Eric Ries in "The Lean Startup" (2011), where it became the foundational unit of the build-measure-learn loop.
The point of an MVP is to test a hypothesis about what customers actually want, not to ship a smaller version of a finished product. A real MVP is just enough to expose the riskiest assumption to real customer behavior. Famous examples make the standard concrete. Dropbox's original MVP was a three-minute explainer video that drove its waitlist from 5,000 to 75,000 signups overnight, before ...
EBITDA (Earnings Before Interest, Taxes, Depreciation, and Amortization) is the measure of operating profitability calculated by adding those items back to net income. It's used widely in valuation (EBITDA multiples for mature companies and PE transactions), debt analysis (debt-to-EBITDA ratios), and cross-company benchmarking, because it removes effects of capital structure and tax jurisdiction. EBITDA is most relevant at later-stage and physical-asset-heavy businesses, and less relevant at early-stage SaaS where contribution margin and unit economics matter more. It is the most-discussed financial metric at mature companies.
The calculation:
Method 1: Net Income + Interest + Taxes + Depreciation + Amortization
Method 2: Operating I...
CAC vs CPA: CAC is the blended, fully loaded cost of acquiring a paying customer across all channels (paid ads + sales salaries + tools + content + events ÷ new customers). [CPA (Cost Per Acquisition)] is the per-channel cost that feeds into CAC. CAC is the unit-economics number on a board deck; CPA is the channel-optimization number on a marketing dashboard. Different rooms, different decisions.
Customer acquisition cost (CAC) is the fully loaded cost of acquiring a new customer, calculated as sales and marketing spend divided by new customers acquired. It is one of the two core inputs (alongside lifetime value) to unit economics, and its definition matters: stripping costs out to make CAC look better is t...
The CTO (Chief Technology Officer) is the highest-ranking technical executive of a company, responsible for technology strategy, architecture decisions, engineering leadership, and build-vs-buy evaluation. The CTO also serves as the technical face of the company externally to customers, partners, technical recruiting, and press. The role evolves dramatically from "hands-on builder writing most of the code" at early stage to "executive technology leader overseeing 50+ engineers and tech strategy" at scale-up and beyond. It is one of the most context-dependent C-suite roles, varying significantly by company stage, technology category, and CEO/co-founder dynamics.
The role evolution across stages:
Early-stage CTO (pre-Series A, 1-10 engine...
Vesting is the schedule on which a person earns the right to keep granted equity. Unearned shares or options are forfeited and returned to the company if the recipient leaves before the schedule is complete. It applies to founders, employees, advisors, and (rarely) board members, and exists to make sure equity rewards people who stay and contribute over multiple years rather than people who took a grant and left.
The standard startup vesting schedule is four years with a one-year cliff: nothing vests for the first 12 months, then 25% vests on the cliff date, and the remaining 75% vests in equal monthly increments over the next 36 months (1/48th of total per month). The cliff is binary: leave on day 364 and you walk away with zero; l...
Founder vs Co-founder vs CEO and Founder: Founder is the origin role, the person who started the company. [Co-founder] is the same role when there's more than one person at the origin (a co-founder is just a founder with company). [CEO and Founder] is the title combination, a founder who also currently holds the CEO job. The cap table and certificate of incorporation determine who's a founder; current employment determines who's a CEO; the two questions are independent.
A founder is a person who started a company by originating the idea, building the first version, and taking the early risk before others joined. It is the company's origin role and, unlike most roles, it does not end when the person stops working there. Once a foun...
Corporate bylaws are the internal operating rules of a corporation. They govern how the company makes decisions, holds meetings, elects directors and officers, conducts shareholder votes, and handles routine corporate actions. The document is adopted at incorporation (typically at the initial organizational meeting of the board), and amendable by board or shareholder action depending on the bylaws themselves. Unlike articles of incorporation, which are filed publicly with the state, bylaws are an internal document kept in the corporate records, addressing offices, shareholder and board meetings, officer roles, stock issuance, indemnification, and amendment procedures.
The major sections of a typical set of corporate bylaws: offices a...
A warrant is the security granting the holder the right to purchase shares at a fixed exercise price for a defined period. Similar in mechanics to a stock option but issued to non-employees (banks, lenders, strategic partners, advisors), warrants typically run 5-10 years and are commonly attached to venture debt deals, strategic partnership agreements, and bank facilities. It is the structural analog of a stock option for non-employee parties and a frequent component of late-stage financing structures.
The warrant mechanic: