Repurchase rights are contractual rights of the company to buy back shares from holders under defined conditions. Most commonly applied to unvested shares from departing employees, the price is typically the original purchase price for unvested shares and sometimes fair market value for other triggers, used to enforce the structural protections built into vesting and transfer restrictions. It is the structural mechanism that makes vesting meaningful at companies issuing actual shares (restricted stock, founders stock) rather than options.
The two main types of repurchase rights:
Vesting repurchase rights (the core mechanism for restricted stock):
The VP of Engineering (VP-E) is the senior executive responsible for engineering organization leadership, team management, delivery operations, and engineering culture. Sometimes called Head of Engineering, Director of Engineering, or Engineering Manager at smaller scale. The VP-E owns performance management, hiring and onboarding for engineering roles, and ensuring the engineering team delivers product effectively against business requirements. The role typically becomes necessary when the engineering team grows past 8-15 engineers and a single technical leader (often the founder CTO) can no longer effectively manage all engineering people-management responsibilities while also doing technical leadership work. It is the oper...
Runway is the number of months a startup can operate before running out of cash, calculated as cash on hand divided by monthly net burn. Founders track it monthly (or weekly when cash gets tight), and it is the single most-watched financial metric at an early-stage startup. It is the calendar that determines every other decision: when to raise, when to hire, when to cut, when to push, when to pivot. Running out of runway is the proximate cause behind most stories in [Why Startups Fail].
The math:
Runway (months) = Cash on hand ÷ Monthly net burn
A company with $2M in the bank and $100K/month net burn has 20 months of runway. The same company at $200K/month net burn has 10 months. Doubling burn halves the calendar.
Use net burn (cash ...
A fundraising timeline is the realistic duration of a fundraise from preparation through closed capital, typically 3-6 months for priced venture rounds. Tough markets stretch it longer, hot markets compress it. The timeline divides into preparation (2-4 weeks), active fundraising (8-16 weeks), and closing (2-4 weeks), often taking longer than founders expect and consuming a meaningful percentage of CEO time during the active phase (50-80% of CEO time is common). Founders who underestimate fundraising timeline run out of runway; founders who plan realistically have more options.
The typical phases:
Preparation phase (2-4 weeks):
A Subscription Agreement is the contract by which an individual investor commits to purchase securities in a financing. Sometimes called a Purchase Agreement or Securities Purchase Agreement, depending on transaction structure, it includes representations and warranties about the investor (accreditation status, investment authority), the company's representations and warranties to the investor (company information, capitalization, financial condition), the specific terms of the securities being purchased, the closing conditions, and the mechanics of payment and share issuance. Unlike the Investor Rights Agreement and Voting Agreement which are collective documents binding multiple parties together, the Subscription Ag...
Investor feedback is the rationale investors share when passing on or expressing concerns about an investment, used to refine the pitch and identify patterns. It ranges from honest critiques (specific business or market concerns) to polite passes (vague non-answers), with the discipline being to extract specific actionable feedback when possible, recognize patterns across multiple investor conversations, and use feedback to refine the pitch or business strategy, while also recognizing that not all investor feedback is correct or useful. It is the most-valuable byproduct of fundraising conversations and the input that drives pitch iteration.
The types of investor feedback:
Specific business concerns:
Addressable market is the portion of a total market a company can realistically serve given product capabilities, geographic reach, target segments, channels, and regulatory constraints. Often synonymous with SAM (Serviceable Addressable Market) in the TAM/SAM/SOM framework, it's typically much smaller than total market (TAM) but more strategically meaningful because it represents customers the company can actually pursue today. It is the market-sizing concept that most directly informs go-to-market strategy and resource allocation, more useful than total TAM for actual operating decisions.
What constraints define addressable market:
Product constraints:
GDPR (General Data Protection Regulation) is the EU's comprehensive privacy regulation enacted in 2018. It establishes data protection rights for EU residents and applies to any company processing their personal data regardless of where the company is based. Non-compliance risks fines up to 4% of global annual revenue (or €20M, whichever is greater) and other regulatory enforcement. Compliance requires documented data practices, user consent mechanisms, data subject rights handling (access, deletion, portability), data breach notification procedures (72-hour to supervisory authority), and other operational requirements. It's the regulation that fundamentally changed how companies globally handle personal data.
The key requir...
Growth hacking is the experimental discipline of using non-obvious, leverage-driven tactics to drive rapid user or revenue growth, coined by Sean Ellis in 2010. It combines marketing, product, engineering, and data, often by exploiting existing platforms, distribution loops, or product mechanics rather than by spending on traditional advertising. It is the experimental, scrappy ancestor of modern growth marketing, and the term has been so over-claimed that the original meaning is nearly buried.
The canonical historical examples define what growth hacking actually was. Hotmail appended "PS: I love you. Get your free email at Hotmail" to every outgoing message in 1996 and went from zero to 12 million users in 18 months. Airbnb ...
Restrictive covenants is the umbrella term for the package of post-employment restrictions in employment agreements and PIIAs. The package typically includes non-compete (where enforceable), non-solicitation (customers and employees), confidentiality, IP assignment, return of company property, non-disparagement, and sometimes additional provisions. Used together to protect the company's interests beyond the duration of the employment relationship, the specific package and its enforceability vary by jurisdiction, role, and consideration provided. Restrictive covenants is shorthand for "all the post-employment restrictions" in employment law.
The standard package:
Non-compete: restricts working for competitors for define...